detail from: KRK Art dizajn

MIHAJLO PUPIN

World greatest in electrical engineering and telephony

Serb from Idvor.

Simo Jelača, Ph.D.

1.  From Idvor to New York

Michael Pupin, a brilliant scientist and inventor, he excelled in fields of telegraphy and telephony, as well as secondary applications of X-rays in medicine. Author of several technical discussions, scientific publications and books, and his autobiography, ''From immigrant to inventor'', published in 1923 in several hundred thousand copies in the United States is accepted as a textbook for the popularization of science and for the same received Pulitzer Prize (1).

The invention of the so-called. “Pupin 'coils” in 1900 rose it among the very respected researcher. In professional circles the first time confirmed a lecture on ''The practical side of' theory of alternating current” at the American Association of Electrical Engineers in Boston 1890th. In December 1893 patented a device for transmission by telegraphs and telephone number. 519346, which was approved in May next year. The following two patent no. 640515 and 640516 in 1895 related to the use of electric AC filters and resonators and application of transfer using the same circuits were implemented already in 1900. Patents number 707007 and 707008 laid the foundations of new techniques and confirmed the correct approach of Pupin in applying theoretical results. When Roentgen revealed his invention (the x-ray), in late 1895, Pupin engaged in research “X-ray” and soon managed to make the first recordings, which shorten the recording time from one hour to a few seconds. Three months later in the New York Academy of Sciences he completed a work in which he showed his findings of “secondary X-ray” (1).

Soon the business plan of large companies comes to the requirements for connecting distant cities, and Pupin again comes into play and with mathematical analysis solved by the application of its coil, which was first patented. Bell in the U.S. and Siemens & Halske in Europe purchased the Pupin patent, and the links with Pupin’s coils became clear and free from interference. Thin cables create a huge savings in copper, and approaches used for implementation of submarine cables between the U.S. and Europe. This success releases him of material needs and from that time he has been given to only research. Then he already experienced international fame. Then be given to research in the area of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of light, as well as studies of heat and light phenomena, for which the intimate always had the desire. Became famous as an excellent teacher at the university and his work proved that persistent effort can reach the highest success, and his findings based on a complete mathematical analysis. By the publication of his autobiography he became known across America, and a personal friend of President Wilson.

2 Pupin Childhood

He was born on 9 October 1858 in Idvor, Banat. He gave himself the nickname ''Idvorski' by his birthplace. Pupin’s mother, though illiterate, suggested him from early youth to go into the world and to engage in science. She told him that knowledge is the light that illuminates life and must not remain blind with the eyes. And his father was a thinking man; he was elected to the village of Prince. During the long winter nights in their home kept the rural village gatherings, which little Michael saw as a set of wise men. Descriptions of their countrymen in his autobiography, the world has provided a picture of Serbia in his time. At the start of school he was not the best student, but soon improved, and his teacher said that a “miracle happened”. From 1869 he went to high school in Pancevo, where he had good teachers of natural sciences.

During the summer games to the suburbs, where the boys kept cattle, they exercised calls through the knives pushed in the ground at night, and by the orientation of the stars, which will become his basis during life discoveries for telephony over long distances. After high school, he went from Pancevo in 1872 to Prague, with the financial help of the church community, which he had secured from the teacher Kos, having noticed Pupin talent. Taking a leave in front of the ship to Budapest with his family, the first time he saw his father's tears. On the way to Budapest, from the ship he saw Belgrade. From Budapest to Prague, he traveled by train. Immediately upon entry to school in Prague came into conflict with German students, which was very cruel to the Serbs. After freshman year his father died, and Michael tells his mother that he will travel to America. He sold his books and clothes for which he bought a boat ticket from Hamburg to New York for 12 March 1874. Steamer was sailing to New York for 14 days and 13 nights, during which Michael spent the night lying on deck by a chimney, where it was warmer. And only when he saw New York from his soul melts the accumulated ice.

The first days in New York he was starving, he knew little English and had no job. First job he found in Philadelphia, where he tended the cattle, for it has had experience in Idvor. From that job he was able to save a few dollars, and when winter came in New York he was throwing coal into cellars. Leaves often to Cooper library, where he warmed up and he learned English. The following year helped a fellow, a German, to be employed as an assistant stoker of boilers and placed it in the hotel room of his father. Simultaneously he enrolled in night school at Cooper. Most are interested in electricity, and literature attracted him to biographies of successful people. He was a hardworking and honest worker, and was soon promoted to regular officials and in the Cooper school he was brought out as a good mathematician and machine drawer. Pupin had been interested in Columbia University, but he was supposed to pass the entrance examination in Latin and Greek, which had not taught in school. However, he decided to do this, which took preparing for two years. Entrance is passed honors and became an academic 1879. To college he came from the factory, where he earned his own bread, had a savings of $311, was free from debt and certain of his own success. When he already completed the first year with an excellent success, and earned the two prizes of $100. And the next summer he worked in field operations, saving an additional $75. Even Idvor has gained experience in wrestling, and that sports discipline in the second year of study brought him more recognition of success than in mathematics and physics. His colleagues gave the additional lessons and have thus provided the money for his living expenses and through them he was informing himself by seeing business people of America. He led care and the preservation of health, properly fed, regularly practiced, he dealt with boxing, not smoking, but did not exaggerate in anything. Professors pushed him, even President Bernard. Upon completion of undergraduate studies the university received a scholarship of $ 500 a year, with which he went to Europe 1883. Having received a degree from Columbia University, personally from the hands of President Bernard, also has become an American citizen. After moving to Europe, he decided to visit his mother, which he had not seen for 11 years.

3 Return to Europe

Pupin arrived in Europe nine years after coming to America, during which time he became a mature man in the country of Franklin and Lincoln made his first dream, at Columbia University, the best student. Traveling to Europe, this time, he did not freeze up on deck with a chimney, but still remained at all modest. At Cambridge he came with the best recommendations of Columbia, and his mother in Idvor hardly waits to see him. To Idvor he traveled through France and Switzerland to Budapest, by train, and from there by boat, which he left eleven years ago. When he arrived in Idvor district he saw boys with oxen. It seemed to him that dream. When he hugged his mother, he himself cried and hugged as they went to his father's grave, where the mother told Kosta that she led a son who was preferred by our life and that his name was the last word he uttered when he was dying. This summer, Michael and his mother stayed two months in Idvor. Pupin in Cambridge Pupin admired buildings in which delivered the famous Newton, Maxwell, Ravlly, John Adams, Stokes, Sir William Thomson - Kelvin, and now this has arrived and Michael Pupin. There he came at the recommendation of Oscar Bravnings, intending to study Maxwell's theory of light. And as the Maxwell just before it died, Pupin plans had to be changed. He began to study experimental physics at Ravly and Stokes, and from 1885 moved to Cavendish laboratory. Columbia University was seeking him to study under John Tindale, who succeeded the celebrated Faraday, and he himself dealt with the research speed of sound through different materials. For Tindale already the world knew at that time by finding its effect on scattering of light by large colloidal molecules. And in the summer of 1886 Pupin traveled to Idvor, again. He did not suspect that he saw his mother the last time, which he liked the most. After her death Pupin gave himself testament to his kindness to perpetuate the best possible way, and twenty-seven years later, in 1913 Serbian Academy of Sciences established the Pupin endowment for education of poor children in Serbia. Tindal and Pupin worked out a plan by which the Pupin traveled to Berlin to work with Professor Helmholtz. As a well-prepared student in mathematics and experimental physics, he joined the doctoral dissertation, and he listened to Kirchhoff lectures. Kirchhoff did not attach greater significance to Faraday's electromagnetic phenomena or Maxwell, an electromagnetic theory of light, which is left as an unfinished Pupin’s dream. He married the sister of his friend from Columbia, Katherine Jackson, registering in the Greco-Orthodox church in London. PhD thesis ''Osmotic pressure and its relationship with free energy' 'Pupin was defended by Professor Helmholtz 1889 honors for four years and improved experimental methods and mathematical analysis, for enabling the successful resolution of scientific problems.

4 Professor at Columbia University

The Professor Pupin was given to mathematical physics. He was immediately rushed to

the equipping of laboratories for scientific research. Funding was provided in lectures in the industry, at which time he was informing the business people of America. One of the most important lectures were at the American Association of Electrical Engineers in Boston in 1890, when he advocated the application of alternating current, and when he first time personally met with Nikola Tesla. It was so bold, as opposed to the alternating current electric chair made in 1889, that the world drew attention to its harm. Fortunately there have been significant advances in the technique: open the World Exhibition in Chicago in 1893, which was lit by Tesla, and the exhibition chaired by Helmholtz and Tesla's Niagara Falls hydroelectric power plant started working. Tesla polyphase systems used in the transmission of energy over long distances and were using the Tesla transformer. And even Lord Kelvin changed his opinion accepting the construction of a hydroelectric power plant at Niagara Falls at Tesla's project, using the polyphase alternating current system. And, the Congress of Electrical Engineers in the exhibition in Chicago upheld a decision that the Tesla polyphase system to become the basis for future development of electrification and industrialization of America. This has created a new era in electro-industry. And as the firm represented Pupin, professional and scientific facts threatened his danger of Edison's supporters losing professorial positions at Columbia. From 1891 Pupin assigned cases theory of heat and hydraulics, and the next year and dynamics. In those years, Pupin visited Tesla in his laboratory, and in 1891 published his work on the multi-phase generators, which confirmed the validity of Tesla's inventions, although their experts noted that among them were not strong bonds of friendship. This is broadly written Seifer (2), indicating that Pupin supported Marconi, who usurped Tesla inventions in the field of radio, for which he even won the Nobel Prize In April 1898. Pupin got inflammation of the lungs. Worrying about it got him and his wife, who died soon afterwards. Pupin was able to defend only the will to be done in the life of their daughter. Pupin's engagement and the peace plan. He participated in the Peace Conference in Paris in 1919, when the Yugoslav government provided Stojan Protic. As a personal friend of President Wilson, during a conference in Paris he experienced his confession. Then Romania asked for the whole Banat, claiming to belong to them. It was President Wilson who asked: ''Do you know Professor Pupin”? “I know that he is from Banat, and I know him as a Serbian patriot,''.

This status of Banat was resolved. Conference in Paris lasted 50 days, after which he traveled to Idvor, Novi Sad and Pancevo. During May 1919 paid also a visit to Belgrade, Zagreb and Ljubljana and was greeted very warmly everywhere. And this time he remained at home for two months.

Pupin at Columbia University was a professor for 40 years (1889-1929), and from 1894 to 1924 received recognition for its 24 patents (1, 4). Remembered as an outstanding teacher, a phenomenal mathematician, extraordinarily capable of compressing the problems and their successful resolution. He received many honors and awards: Franklin Gold Medal in 1902, Herbert Gold Medal in 1916, the Edison Medal in 1920, Washington's medal in 1928 and gold medal of Fritz 1931st. This confirmed that his work contributed to the improvement of science and technology in the world. Pupin was estimated to be one of the biggest spirits of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. He died in New York on 12 March 1935 on the 61-year anniversary of when he moved from Hamburg to America.

5, The invention of telegraphy and resonator

Pupin has been chosen for the study of telegraphy and telephony within their lectures to students. Already in 1893 he has drawn worldwide attention to himself by applying its capacitors and principle of resonance with the submarine cable, which solved the problem of application of alternating current in multiple telegraphes. With his patent numbers 519346, 707007, 707008 and 640515 achieved in telegraphy more messages over one wire (1). There were disputes about the recognition of Pupin's priorities, but his advantage was the fact that after filing patent applications thereon held public lectures with experiments, and professional journals in America and Europe have brought comments about them. Pupin's coils are universally accepted in the world, making Pupin known to this day. Pupin has successfully sold his patent 640616 to Marconi’s company, although the same has been applied much later. Pupin's first underwater cable laid the Siemens company in 1906 on Lake, a distance of 20 km, and in 1924 the Bermuda coast in the length of 200 km. Soon, then, set the cable to the length of 4500 km, which was passed in 1700 characters / min. Pupin its undersea cables protected by patent no. 652230 of 14 December 1899, and for 19 June 1900, the same is recognized and bought by the German firm Siemens, which has set the line Berlin-Potsdam, length 32.5 km, and Berlin-Magdeburg 150 km. In 1915 built a line of New York-San Francisco 5000 km, where he first met Alexander Graham Bell and his assistant. Thus began the success of Pupin (1). During World War II improved the telephone lines to communicate

with aircraft during flight, for which his award personally presented the President of the United States Harding 14 October 1922nd Secondary X-ray Beams Discovery of X-rays were published in December 1895th. Before that, he experimented with Nikola Tesla, but Tesla did not give importance to it, and made a recording picture of his hands and left it in the drawer, but did not hurry to the same patent. Pupin was immediately interested in their application and in February 1896 made recordings on patients hand acording that patient. The doctor immediately performed the surgery and took out all the pieces of metal from the patient's hand. So began their use for medical purposes. In their experiments Pupin set the plate behind the curtain of fluorescence and thus shortened the X-ray then an hour with only to a few seconds. He also confirmed the existence of secondary X-ray. Pupin claimed that the irradiated body produced new rays, which are not reflected ''x-ray'' and published as early as 6 April 1896 letter Academy of Sciences. Later, the secondary x-rays found tremendous application in both medicine and in atomistic science. Each element of the irradiated rays reflected rays of certain wavelengths, a characteristic spectrum, thereby determining the composition of the irradiated material. Today, the method is given in the universal application and research. Pupin in his 43-rd year, in 1901, has been promoted to full professor, and many of the world Academy of Sciences elected him to his full-time or a corresponding member and his university awarded honorary doctorates of science.

6. Relations between Pupin and Tesla

Relations between Pupin and Tesla documented and detailed writes Mark Seifer in his book ''Wizard, The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla, Biography of a Genius ", Carol Publishing Group 1999 (2). 21 January 1890, when Tesla was elected vice president of the American Association of Electrical Engineers, took part in the discussion with Pupin. He represented the application of alternating current and Tesla gained him recognition. How exactly he came back from Europe was not informed of disputes between Edison and Westinghouse. A little later, exploring who the real author of the multi-phase system, according to Tesla, tied to the wrong people to be ‘‘entangled’’ (2). Lecture in Boston, divided the audience at the supporters and opponents of alternating current. Fortunately for him he found himself among the supporters of Elih Thomson, who would later save him when he tried to eliminate opponents from the universities. Pupin on one occasion claimed to have misunderstood Tesla, an opportunity which has been a disagreement between blood brothers. Tesla called Pupin for his lectures, but Pupin was avoided. Speaking highly of Tesla, Pupin in a speech, praised Dobrowolsky and Brown for the practical application of Tesla's inventions, but Tesla later on responded that the two men had stolen his invention. Tesla reproached Pupin for his poor knowledge of native Serbian language. For Tesla it was known that he had an extremely emotional nature, and Pupin was reproached for spreading false information. In his autobiography, Pupin described in detail AC, mentioning the Tesla's name only once in 396-page (2). When Tesla was awarded an honorary doctorate at Columbia and Yale University Pupin expressed his disagreement with them (2). However, the recognition was granted to Tesla. When the 1892 Tesla announced the possibility of sending high-frequency currents on the infinite distance and the same patent, he also confirmed the ability to send phone messages by the transatlantic cable, Pupin was also opposed to this. Pupin then began to investigate the U.S. Patent and 10 February 1894 and he himself filed a patent application formultiline Telegraph, he wrote: ''I certify that I am the first to make a practical attempt to apply multi line telegraphy''. Negative response to his patent application was given several months later by John Seymour, citing the refusal to view the article about Tesla's experiments with alternate currents. Seymour is a further view, stating that the Pupin only multiplied several of Tesla's lines, which in no case could not accept the patent. Pupin hired a lawyer and a dispute with the Patent Office for 6 years, until Seymour was retired. Mark Seifer (2) states on page 168 of his book, that Tesla experimented with the x-rays a few years before Roentgen discoveries, but he did not give importance to it. He called them shadowgraphs, a name that was taken from Soren Kierkegaard, who described them in his essay "Either / Or" (2). Pupin's discovery of X-ray received the most significant invention in his lifetime and was immediately approached by their research, which was discussed above.

After returning Tesla from Colorado, in New York was on Marconi and asked to give a

lecture on wirelessly transfer. Tesla's comments were: ''When I sent waves around the world from my lab in Colorado Marconi experimented with my devices and it failed''. Once again, Marconi was in New York claiming that he first sent signals around the world, for which Tesla commented: ''When I went to see Marconi he found out that I'm here, sick and postponed the lecture''. However, through the medium of Pupin, Marconi was presented to Tesla in a scientific club, at which time Pupin was very cheerful due to the retirement of John Seymour from the Patent Office. Staying in Tesla's laboratory Marconi expressed his doubts about the operation of transformers and Tesla replied: ''Time will tell'' Mr. Marconi. On that occasion, Pupin offered Marconi consultant, and Marconi had asked him to meet with Edison, and for the knowledge of sending messages off the train in motion. Pupin was given the role of mediator, and that year he began receiving funds for his patents. In June 1900 received from AT & T $3000, while the agreed amount was $200,000. This Pupin material was provided for a long period of time, for which Mark Seifer said that Pupin better understood Tesla’s principles than Tesla himself (2). He also stated that Tesla was aware of pirate activity of Marconi, and Pupin and called Marconi the parasite and microbe malignant disease. When preparing the Marconi transmitter for New Faundlend Pupin was asked if he believed in success, he replied: "I most certainly do". Despite all the disagreements with Tesla Marconi even came to see his tower in Vardenklif, from which Tesla intended to send the energy of 10

million horsepower, which is twice the strength of the entire Niagara Falls. And when even Morgan could not increase the cost of completing the tower, as he himself had fallen into financial difficulties, Tesla wrote to Sherf ''The combination of Pupin-Edison-Marconi dealt me a huge difficulty''. And when Pupin was called to testify in a dispute with Tesla-Marconi, Pupin wrote ''I've found wireless phones before Tesla and Marconi'' (2). According to Tesla's suit in 'Drury's-Cooper it was proven that Tesla in 1897 conducted an experiment to convey the message from Houston to West Point (about 30 miles) before about 3,000 invited guests, all professions, and that Marconi applied a patent no. 763772 on 10 November, the 1900th Tesla patents wear numbers 645576 and 649621 from 2 September, the 1897th.

7. Protection of Tesla’s patent

Tesla's patents, made personally by John Seymour, which has refused requests for the same Pupin, and Marconi's patent no. 6369 was applied in 1904, after Seymour was retired from The Supreme Court (2) of the United States. On the 21st. June 1943 Marconi patent was shot down in favor of the priority of Tesla's invention, which is preferred. Unfortunately for Tesla, this decision came too late, he died on 7 January 1943rd. Stanley Stojiljkovic, Ambassador of Yugoslavia in America, remembers Tesla, whom he first met in the park behind the library, where two white doves fed with palm. Since then they have maintained friendly relations over the next 10 years. Like many Serbs Stoiljković was unhappy because of the split between Tesla and Pupin. He tried to approach them, but got the impression that they did not want, either one of them. Mark Seifer, on page 437 of his book, writes that Pupin even wiped Tesla’s name from his inventions and enrolled him (2). And when Pupin became ill in 1935, he asked Stoiljkovic to persuade Tesla to visit him, to be reconciled before his death. Tesla accepted the request, but only in the presence of Stoiljkovic, and when Tesla entered the room he took the Pupin’s hand and asked: ''How are you my old friend''? Pupin’s last wish was fulfilled, lost his words, he was very emotional and cried quietly. Other visitors were left alone, and soon after Pupin died. It was 12 March, the 61st-anniversary of Pupin’s departure from Hamburg to America. Tesla also attended Pupin’s funeral. Two Serbian giants have forgiven each other for all the controversy around this world of inventions that make their souls rest peacefully in the immortal heavenly paradise, eternity. Let them both a big thank you and eternal fame for his contributions to humanity and the reputation that was built by the Serbian people.

8. References

1 Slavko Boksan: Mihajlo Pupin and his work, Scientific Publication Nuts Serbian, Novi Sad 1951

2 Marc J. Seifer: Wizard, The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla, Biography of a Genius, Carol Publishing Group 1999

3 Margaret Cheney & Robert Uth: Nikola Tesla, Master of Lightning, Metro Books

2001

4 Internet: http://teslasociety.com (The Scientist Michael I. Pupin).

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