MILEVA MARIC- EINSTEIN - RETURN FROM THE ANONYMITY

Born genius, scientist, Serbian Marie Curie, noble mother,
She sacrificed her honor of scientist for marriage that nevertheless failed

            Simo Jelača Ph.D.

Mileva Maric, the true author of Theory of Relativity, untried Nobel Prize winner, in addition to Nikola Tesla, a name that is like the morning star shone brightest heaven of Serbia. She was born December 19, 1875 in Titel (from her mother Mary and father Milos), a tame town in Vojvodina, where all good Banat and Backa merge into one, like the River Tisza, which is near here unites with the Danube. Taught high school in Novi Sad, flower garden, and studied mathematics and physics at the Swiss Polytechnic Institute in Zurich, 1896-1900, as the only woman in the class at that time. As the wife of Albert Einstein, is the ideological creator of the Theory of Relativity, which has celebrated Albert and not her, and brought him the Nobel Prize in Physics 1921st. (Albert Einstein had received the Nobel Prize for the photoelectric effect). Her husband, the famous Albert Einstein, whom Mileva pushed to the stars, originally from an aristocratic Jewish family usurped Mileva's inventions and her name erased from all sorts of documents, such as that she did not exist. The Ingenious Serb opened the window to space science, and suffered as a rare people.  For us, the Serbs and our generations yet to come remains to Mileva's name back from obscurity and elevates it on a pedestal great that it truly deserves and that is with the greatest pride and admiration remembered in all appropriate circumstances. While eternal rest, for us Serbs Mileva's place among the stars.

            From the biographical data

Albert Einstein was younger than Mileva by three and a half years. He was born on 14 March 1879 in Ulm, Vurtembert, Germany. In Zurich, he met with Mileva at the Polytechnic Institute as a student of physics and mathematics. Albert did not pass the first attempt to the entrance exam. Anonymous author (14) states that he fell at the first test from the French. He argues that Einstein's essay from the French was even very good but not good enough to satisfy a discerning professor. He was then only 16 years, and the conditions required for registration to be 18. However, he passed on the second attempt and entered the Polytechnic Institute at age of 17.

            Mileva traveled to Switzerland in 1894, to finish the last two years of grammar and study the aforementioned university. From high school in Novi Sad, where she also was ''lonely Swallow” among male colleagues, she took the nickname ''Svetica” (Saint), musical talent and affection for physics and mathematics and a desire to engage in science, considering it was her right. She took the heart of Vojvodina, with all its fertile fields, orchards and vineyards. She took the scent of flowers from the parents' garden and imposed an oath that they will glorify the name Maric in the world.
At the beginning of the study the teachers had prejudices about Mileva as Serb and as a woman. However, soon it was Mileva who changed their minds in their misconceptions.

                                                                        

                       Wedding photography of Mileva and Albert Einstein

            She showed outstanding talent and conviviality. Colleagues soon adopted her as equal, and in many ways far better. She even began to organize student rallies and parties where she herself played. It was actually the turning point when they realized the extraordinary colleagues, what was the truth, and they even vied for her, who will be closer to her company. She was then 21 years old when she met with seventeen years of her colleague Albert Einstein, whom she soon became friends with and later fell in love with.

In the beginning they shared books, exchanged ideas, worked together tasks, and then came love, one true, young. In their free time they were playing together, she played piano and he violin. During those years there were the famous scientific discoveries that increasingly preoccupied Mileva's imagination. X-ray, Roentgen discovered x-rays in 1895, Mihajlo Pupin reveal a secondary x-rays, with which he made a snapshot of his hand in 1896, Henri Becquerel found that uranium ore radiates, and then Maria and Pierre Curie discovered radium and polonium 1898^th. Through Mileva’s head was thinkingabout the possibility of transformation of matter into energy, a fantastic idea. She remembers the fireflies on Titel's hill, in the evenings and rotten tree stumps near the Tisza River, from which it was noted from time to time to light up. Thoughts and ideas were put to paper, and some excitement then she explained it to Albert. Sometimes she has been mystified, in terms of fireflies, tree stumps, uranium, but it’s not like the idea of converting matter into energy. She felt that there could be something. And only when Albert saw how Mileva skillfully shaped mathematical formulas, he knew that he was working with genius. Then they were already close enough to each other, although Albert's mother Paulina was against their relationship and pathologically hated Mileva, because of her origin, believed that a Serb Orthodox faith can’t enter into their family, ''decent''(14). To their, then-fortunately, Albert ignored the opinion of his mother and continued friendship and cooperation with Mileva.

            For the first lectures in mathematics from Professor Hermann Minkowski Mileva and Albert were interested in the four-dimensional geometry of space-time, which will later become their basis for defining the Theory of Relativity. Soon, then, Mileva spends the winter semester 1897/98 at the University of Heidelberg in Germany, studying the photoelectric effect with Professor Philippe Leonard, Nobel Prize winner for physics. There she was particularly fascinated with the ratio of atoms and distances that are experiencing their collision, which will later be shown in Einstein's paper on Brownian motion.

Intimate connection between Mileva and Albert Einstein dated from 1897, from when they worked together on the mathematical definition of the electromagnetic theory of light, and from 1901 the dates of their joint work on the Theory of Relativity (10). Some papers claim that Mileva did not pass the exam on Polytechnic 1900 (3, 8), although she was an excellent student, given the relationship with Albert, which then had to hide that the same would not hurt his career. These are the times when the sexual relationship was considered immoral and to what was seen with different eyes. It is further stated (16), that Mileva, when she was pregnant, went to Novi Sad and gave birth to a daughter Lieserl 1901, which was given up for adoption in Kac (25,26). It is claimed that Albert, as a father, had never seen his daughter . No data on it, although some suggest that her early death was caused from scarlet fever.

It is evident however, that Mileva has finished Polytechnic and that, as an outstanding student, won a place at university under Professor Friedrich Weber to write her doctoral dissertation. Albert's biographers say that he was a rather poor student, and despite Mileva’s insistence of conditioning for Albert, Professor Weber did not receive him (7), though he was not sufficiently capable. At that time they lived quite modestly, Mileva gave lessons in mathematics and physics and piano lessons, needed for household budgets. From 1902 Albert was employed at the Patent Office in Bern, where he worked until 1909 (4), when their financial situation became a little better. They married 6 January 1903 in Zurich, very modestly in the presence of two witnesses Maurice Solovine and  Conrad Habicht. Albert's marriage, experienced as intellectual partnership, Mileva, a typical Serbian woman, made all what would satisfy her husband and helped him in his career (2). When once asked why the Theory of Relativity gave to her husband, Mileva replied 'Two of us are rock'' (3) (Ein-stein = a rock, in German).

            Since 1909 Albert Einstein was a professor of theoretical physics in Zurich, and 1911/12 in Prague (4). At that time a number of occasions he showed lack of knowledge in mathematics and almost every weekend  came home to his Mileva to solve specific tasks (3, 4). He was elected a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences in 1913, and in 1914 again became a German citizen, since he was appointed director of the Physics Institute-Kaiser-Wilhelm in Berlin. There he remained until his immigration to the United States, 9 December 1930^th.  He died on 18 April 1955 in Princeton.

After official marriages between Mileva and Albert Einstein were born to them two sons, Hans Albert was born first 14 May 1904 (4), and the second Edward was born August 28 1910^th.  Hans Albert later became a professor at the University of Berkeley, while Edward had signs of schizophrenia. Edward disease was a severe blow to Mileva, who has devoted his entire life, and even was with him in a visit with Sigmund Freud (24), neglecting science almost entirely. He died in 1965 (26). It is during these difficult years Mileva Albert was increasingly neglected, and only occasionally sent some money home. According to Mileva, Albert was becoming more and more cruel, calling her a derogatory ''disgusting'', while completely neglecting the children (14). Some of the revelations that Albert was instructing to Mileva were embarrassing and to even quote in this article (3). Son Hans Albert certainly remembers him like that and he has not been generally speaking to father (24). This went on until 28 December 1918 (15), when they were officially divorced (often encountered in the data on divorce Einstein February 1919). Mileva's life without Albert was extremely difficult, said their son Hans Albert in July 1971 (24). She  truly loved him and raised the children alone with all the life of renunciation.

During the years of fruitful cooperation Einstein came to Belgrade and Novi Sad, where they lived 1905-1907 in Kisačka Street. 20, and little Hans often stayed with Mileva's parents. Hans was especially favored in the neighborhood with her grandmother, which she has provided what the family “decent'' Pauline Einstein did not exist, true love, for the little Serb.
Otherwise, Dr. Lazar Markovic, a prominent physician and philanthropist from Novi Sad, a very learned and educated man he was the godfather of Mileva and Albert Einstein and baptized their two sons in 1913 at Orthodox  Nikolaevskaya Church (27). From family arrangements it is known (27) that Dr. Lazar Marković organized custody for the little Lieserl, provided that nothing can’t be spoken nor written. Some details are in the book ''Einstein's Daughter'', by Michele Zackheim, Riverhead Books, 1999.

Some authors from the West describe Mileva in tendency to discredit her as the human (5, 14), in an effort to readers accepted fact that Mileva consciously ceded all contacts with the public to Albert. And although Mileva, signed all her works equally with Albert, her name was eliminated on them and published his name only. Albert Einstein was voted the greatest scientists of the twentieth century, while Mileva, the true author, woman of the most brilliant mind and Serbian national goodness and innocence in the world remained almost anonymous. Ellen Goodman quotes Stachel, which says: ''We had a myth about Einstein as a holy figure, and now increasingly as a demon. We had a myth about his wife as about anyone, and now we are offering women the myth of the martyr'' (8). For us Serbs, it is our duty to illustrate Mileva’s figure with true colors and present her in her true light performances to her followers. Mileva was a symbol of the morning star that has shone on the scientific sky of Serbia and mankind has granted access to the energy of the universe, who has shown the formula E = mc ².

            Mileva's brother disappeared in World War I, her father Milos died in 1922, then mother Mary in 1935, and sister, Zorka 1938 in Novi Sad. Then Mileva stayed last time in Novi Sad, and more recently her monument to shine in front of the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad, a huge thanks to Professor Dr. Svenka Savic (9) and Mileva’s fan of Vojvodina. Mileva died 4 August 1948 and was buried in the cemetery Nordheim in Zurich. Had the burial been on Titel hill, where it occupies a magnificent view of the confluence of the Tisza into  Danube rivers and precious Vojvodina plain, there would be her grave  lit by the sun and warmer Serbian youthful hearts of the excursion students. She would be posthumously closer to us, and that Mileva deserves. Since 1994, University of Novi Sad, established the award ''Mileva Maric'' for the best students of mathematics, and a street in Novi Sad bears her name too. Most deserving of all this is Professor Dr. Svenka Savic.

Mileva in the shadow of Albert, in many Western publications, exists only as a ''genius'' first wife. From all scientific works which she  did with Albert and the same personally signed, her name has been completely erased as if it never existed. There are books in which her name is absolutely not even mentioned. Such as "The Einstein Paradox" (p.254) And "Ideas and Opinion" (p.418). Even more tragically, at the Swiss Polytechnic disappeared dissertation of Mileva Maric (rather timely is removed). Indications were that her dissertation was just about the Theory of relativity. Unfortunately, even in a book of encyclopedic format ''Famous Serbs of the nineteenth century'', Belgrade 1990 edition of Culture does not mention the name of Mileva Maric. Mileva was a truly great Serbian woman, and for her place in the next release should exist. Fortunately, published letters of Mileva and Albert Einstein in which there is more truth about her merits, and we expect that the day would come when the world will recognize that Mileva Maric-Einstein, not just Albert, was  the true author of Theory of Relativity and other scientific contributions that are set on a pedestal Alberta as the greatest scientist of the 20th century.
            Russian physicist Dr. Joseph (Joffe) Abraham has left behind a written record, as a witness who saw, in his eyes the signatures of Mileva Maric-Einstein, the original paper by Albert Einstein delivered in 1905 to the journal “Annalen der Physik " for publication under his own name only (18). Dr. Joseph Abraham at the time was editor of the Annals of Physics. He also claims that Mileva's maiden name written as Marity, which Hungarians form Maric surnames during the Austro-Hungarian. The same signatures were found in their married documents. Albert, however, all their works published under his name only. The same has also been confirmed by Professor E.H. Walker (23) and Desanka Trbuhović-Djuric (25).

Carol Barnett has compared the work of Mileva Maric and Marie Curie Skladowski and states that both are from similar social backgrounds and similar education. Marie Curie was able to equal work and publish papers with her husband Pierre Curie, for which they jointly received the Nobel Prize and all the international awards. Mileva Maric, although highly educated, musically gifted and extremely intelligent woman, had a drastically different professional treatment (12). And the recognition in the scientific community had not been a word at that time. To her misfortune, Mileva was not all that opposed, even pointing out how she does everything for the success of her husband. Those were the times when the Serbian women of that time attached more importance to children and family. About tragically Mileva’s life fuller writes Desanka Trbuhović-Djuric (25), and some details of the film tape recorded a cache Allen Cash (13). Hans Albert Einstein's wife Frieda Knecht, preparing a flat in Zurich after Mileva's death, found the letters of Mileva and Albert. She wanted it to be published in 1958, to solve Einstein's funeral expenses, but it also banned the detectives Otto Nathan and Robert Schulmann, fearing unwanted details about the public image of Alberta. Later, however, letters were published (22), said Carolyn Abraham. Abraham mentions Albert's letters that have been deposited in Jerusalem, but never yet presented to the world public. Too bad, you might get to and from these letters to find out something, in favor of Mileva. One has the impression that the scientific world is increasingly accepting the real truth that Mileva is more meritorious,  or at least equally responsible for all scientific contributions attributed only to Albert Einstein. Bases for Mileva’s pedestal are already funded, and probably generations to come will have a true picture of the Serbian greatest Nikola Tesla, and Mileva Maric-Einstein (21).

When the American physicist dr. Evan Harris Walker at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in New Orleans 1990 raised the question who is the founder of the Theory of Relativity, and has stirred up the scientific spirits. German linguists Troemel- Ploetz assumes that Albert’s might be an idea to the Theory of Relativity, but he argues that it is certainly mathematically defined by Mileva Maric. He further stated Mileva's superiority in mathematics, to quote Ellen Goodman (8). Ellen notes that 'in his life  Albert was not the Einstein''(8).

It is well known that Albert Einstein in 1905 published the three fundamental works in three different areas of physics, which is a unique case in the domains of science in human history. All were published in the German scientific journal “Annalen der Physik” and everyone just under his name, which will later define three new areas of physics. In his papers, Einstein hypothesized that matter and energy are mutually interchangeable sizes, for which he received the highest international awards and it became the basis for the development of atomic energy. Law of the mass-energy voiced the famous formula E = mc ².

Readers who are interested in the essence of Einstein's discovery are recommended a summary of the same from Dr Ljubo Vujovic (4).

Some more information about Mileva and Albert Einstein

In numerous statements confirmed that Mileva Maric, Albert Einstein's wife, was his only by the end of a loyal and equal collaborator in all the works published and for which he gained fame the world's largest. As of the photoelectric effect which she studied at the University Hajdelberg, over four-dimensional geometry of  “space-time'' she has all mathematically defined and explained to Albert, Mileva was mathematically processed by electromagnetic theory of light and finally the very Theory of relativity. All her works signed with Mileva Marity-Einstein, worked and did her doctoral dissertation under Professor Weber, as an outstanding student, but her name was deliberately removed from all scientific papers and dissertations removed and possibly destroyed. Mileva was very loyal to Albert, knowingly denied the scientific glory for the success of her husband only to preserve the family. Even she wrote the parents in 1905: ''We have completed a significant work in which my husband will be known throughout the world''. According to these allegations, it might be concluded that she herself agreed to delete her name from joint research papers. So, knowingly donated all of her creative abilities to husband, the popular saying ''the male head of the family'' (5), in the belief that she made all the best she could for the good of the family and the glory of her husband.

And here are some details that lead to the credibility of Albert Einstein in his Theory ofrelativity. Tim McCaskey writes in detail (15) as Albert Einstein spoke fluent Italian, which he needed to get Swiss citizenship 1905^th. When Einstein published his works in 1905 in "Annalen der Physik'' he mentioned the name of Italian Michele Besso, who brought him in connection with certain industrialist Olinto De Pretto. So, Olinto.De Preto published his work in Italy in 1903, a year and a half before Einstein, in which he gave the final form of the equation E = mc ². Dr Umberto Bartocci, professor of mathematics at the University Perugia in his book "Albert Einstein e Olinto De Pretto: la vera storia of formula piu 'famoso del mondo" (Albert Einstein and Olinto De Preto: the true story of the most important formula in world) has cited the work of Olinto De Preto in general (15). In his work Olinto De Preto, said dr. Umberto Bartocci, claimed that one kilogram of any substance has enormous energy. As Albert Einstein had access to the work of Olinto De Preto, as he himself noted in his work as a complete safety issue given the formula, there is a logical question ''Is this or not a theft''? The question is ''Who ''from whom”? It is known, too, that Mileva did a dissertation from 1901 in which the given formula was the main topic.

            After all, if Albert Einstein was a genius, as he was declared by the world, why after 1905, over 10 years of work at the Patent Office and the years during which he was a professor of physics and even Academician, has nothing more important been given mankind? It seems that his genius ''shut down'' after the deterioration of relations with Mileva. Albert himself has acknowledged Mileva for her scientific contribution to joint work, saying: "I'll be so happy and proud when we shall have brought together our work on relative motion victoriously to a conclusion" But it was only the beginning of their joint work on the Theory of Relativity (Einstein's letter of 21 March to Mileva 1901). Anticipating the success of Albert made a promise to Mileva to give her money from the Nobel Prize if he gets it, and Mileva's happiness, that promise was fulfilled in 1922. Hajduk (3) states that Albert paid Mileva to keep quiet. A comparison, Tesla has created throughout his life and nearly 800 patented inventions (21).

There are also states that Mileva invented a device for measuring small voltages (influenzmaschine), but even that is patented by Albert only under his name (3).

When he no longer worked with Mileva, Albert Einstein was trying to prove so-called “The unified theory'' in which the force of gravity, electromagnetism, light and electricity are different forms of the same phenomenon, he had not succeeded. Also, since 1917, he worked on establishing the so-called. ''Cosmic constant”, by his opinion, is a natural force that opposes the gravitational attraction of the cosmos. He assumed that the structure of the universe was a static, and limited galaxy. During his stay in Observatory "Mount Wilson" 1930 astronomer Edwin Hubble, who was later called ''Heaven Columbus” pointed out to Einstein the existence of millions of galaxies outside the Milky Way. Hubble claimed to Einstein that he watched by his eyes countless distant galaxies that are moving rapidly. When he approached Einstein with the largest telescope in the world and Einstein personally looked into space with his own eyes, he admitted that Habel was right. He realized that human civilization is just a small dot in the universe that is constantly expanding. He admitted also that his cosmic constant constituted dubious theory and as such is not necessary. He called it his ''biggest mistake” (22). Perhaps a similar pass would be without Mileva with other scientific works published in 1905?

            When Einstein died, 18 April 1955 in Princeton hospital Dr Thomas Stoltz Harvey took Einstein's brain and preserved it for extensive scientific research of ''genius''. But even after 30 years of no results were ever published (22). Perhaps there is nothing? Then the brain was transferred in 1996 to a hospital in Hamilton, Canada, with  dr.Sandra Witelson but not since then has nothing but guesswork and speculation (22). Let readers decide for yourself what may be the word.

 

References

1 Dr. Ljubo Vujovic: The Tesla Memorial Society, New York

2 Mary Dokmanović: www.compuserb.com / Mileva

3 Hajduk (alias): http://teslasociety.com/einstein.htm

4 Dr. Ljubo Vujovic: The Tesla Memorial Society, Albert Einstein (1879-1955), NY

5 Todor Rudic: Private letters about Serbian great men.

6 Carl Seeling: Albert Einstein's Ideas and Opinions (418 p), 1954

7 Neil Eshleman: http://carbon-cudenver.edu/stc-link/bkrvs/satclose/einl.htm

8 Ellen Goodman: Out from the shadows of "great" men, The Boston Globe, March 15, 1990
9 Svenka Dr. Savic: Women's Studies and Research Center (Mileva Maric-Einstein), Novi Sad, frpgy@unsff.ns.ac.yu
10 Film: Einstein's wife (documentary), Geraldine Hilton Producer, Production Melsa Films Pty Ltd
11 Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SANU) and the Serbian Matica: www.ns.ac.yu
12 Carol Burnett: Comparative Analysis of Perspectives on Mileva Maric-Einstein (doctor's dissertation) 1998

13 Bill Robinson: Science with  T.W.I.S.T., June 2002
14Anonymousauthor:MilevaMaric-Einstein http:www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/cain/pubs/rev-pyc.htm
15 Tim McCaskey: A letter to the unknown http: / www.wam.umd.edu / mccaskey/eresp
16 Dennis Overby: Einstein in Love (370 p), rev. Andrew Leahy
17 Dr. Vida Ognjenovic: Performances at Univs UCLA, Berkeley, Stanford, Illinois, Minnesota, 2002
18 Vesna Pejovic: Even Einstein had a mark one in mathematics

19 Colin Bruce: The Einstein Paradox and Other Scientific Mysteries Sherlock solved by Holmes, 1997

20 Anita Panic: Mileva Marić Einstein, Kisobran, Vancouver,, December 2002

21Simo Jelača: To the Giant of the memorial, Gracanica 2002/03; poruke@beograd.com

22 Carolyn Abraham Possessing Genius, The Bizarre Odyssey of Einstein's Brain 2001

23 Dr. Evan Harris Walker: The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, 1990

24 Elizabeth Einstein: Hans Albert Einstein, University of Iowa, 1991

25 Dr. Desanka Trbuhović-Djuric: In the Shadow of Albert Einstein, The Tragic Life of Mileva Maric, Bagdala, Krusevac 1995

26 Svenka Dr. Savic: The Road to Mileva Maric-Einstein, Private Letters, 2001

27 Milan Beric: Private Letters, 2003 (citation book ''Einstein's Daughter'' by Michele Zackheim, publisher: Riverhead Books 1999).

                                                                                               

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