TRACES OF GREAT DISCOVERIES

 

Some discoveries came by chance, many are the result of thinking, observing, experimenting, and calculating, and some were made by appropriation. Appropriated discoveries are the most common and most cost-effective. In recent history, such are usually brought Nobel Prizes

 

       Simo Jelača, Ph.D

 

Aristarchus - Copernicus - Kepler

Even while working in the Library of Alexandria (280-260 BC), the famous Greek astronomer Aristarchus discovered that the earth revolves around the sun, and not the inverted sun around the earth, on a heliocentric path from west to east. He interpreted the movement of the sun around the earth only as obvious. He also claimed that the seasons on earth are the result of the earth's ecliptic. The ecliptic is the apparent orbit of the solar path and sky equator during the year. Those intersect at two points, and when the Sun reaches those points, the equinoxes occur.

Unfortunately for civilization, Aristarchus' teachings disappeared, along with many others, in the fire of the Alexandrian library in 392. A dark age followed, with that advent for human civilization and Christianity. The Catholic Church banned the publication of all advanced ideas and scientific achievements, except the Holy Scriptures, for a full 15 centuries .

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), a Polish astronomer, also a clergyman, published his work Commentariolus 1543 lying on his deathbed, in which he claimed that all the planets of the solar system revolve around the Sun, and not the other way around, as was the case until then, Aristotle's teaching (384-322 BC). Until the publication of Copernicus' work, his ideas circulated only among personal friends. Copernicus also claimed that the earth, at the same time, revolves around its axis for 24 hours, while its journey around the sun lasts a year. The Catholic Church banned the publication of Copernicus' theory until 1616, although it did not reach the general public until 1835, almost three centuries after Copernicus' death. Since then, it has been accepted all over the world, but only after the confirmation of Kepler (Johannes Kepler 1571-1630) in 1609, according to which the planets of the solar system move around the Sun in elliptical orbits.

If it is known today, and it is known, that the theories of Copernicus and Kepler are completely identical to those presented by Aristarchus 17 centuries before them, is it not possible to assume that both Copernicus and Kepler had access to Aristarchus' knowledge?

Galilei - Huigens - Hook - Newton

The Italian scientist Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) examined the accelerations of bodies thrown from the Leaning Tower of Pisa, during which he came to the conclusion that the gravitational pull of the earth affects all bodies. This knowledge later served Newton (Isaac Newton 1642-1727) to elaborate the general law of Universal Gravity, which would be accepted as one of the greatest human achievements, and he (Isaac Newton) as one of the greatest minds of human civilization.

The Dutch mathematician and physicist Christian Huigens (1629-1695) was the first to claim that light behaves like a wave, which he published it in 1690 in his work “Traite de la Lumière” (Light Treatment), which is a reflection and refraction of light (1; 2; 3). Such an understanding was neglected for a century, until it was reaffirmed by Thomas Young (1773-1829). Robert Hook (1635-1703) then claimed that Isaac Newton initially opposed the idea of ​​Christian Huigens, only to later expose it as his own. Hooke also claimed that he (Robert Hook) first proposed the law of universal gravitation and handed it over to Newton for inspection, and this one (Isaac Newton) published it as his own 1680. And that is exactly what brought Newton the greatest scientific glory.

It is written in science that astronomical science was sung with magnificent steps in the works of Galileo, Copernicus, Kepler and Huygens. Newton presented his evidence for the Universal Law of Gravity in his work Philosophiae “Naturalis Principia Mathematica” (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), better known only as “Principia”. Newton defined gravity as the mutual attraction of all bodies in nature, in proportion to their masses and inversely proportional to the squares of their distances. That is how Newton explained Kepler's elliptical orbits of the planets around the Sun with extraordinary accuracy.

Newton (1642-1727) also explained the laws of motion based on Galileo's findings. According to the first Law on the Motion of a Body in a State of Rest or Motion at a Constant Speed, it seeks to continue these states until other forces bring them out of those states. According to the second Law of Motion, the force that causes motion is equal to the product of mass and acceleration of the body, and according to the third Law of Motion, the force of action is equal to the force of reaction. It is written that Newton was very systematic and studied scientific settings in detail. He thus made a huge contribution to science with a very precise method of calculating the position of the planets in the solar system in any period of the most distant past and future. Science has accepted Newton as one of the greatest minds of all time, although there are opinions that indicate that he did not strive for his achievements.

Newton said of himself, "If I saw farther than others, it was because I stood on the shoulders of giants". Nevertheless, perhaps the best assessment of Newton was expressed by {Milutin Milankovic who wrote: “Newton's principle with its content occupies the first place among all works of scientific literature. Because in that part, the general law of nature was published, to which the whole universe obeys, and also because the movements of all celestial bodies obey this law with absolute mathematical accuracy, so that by calculating them we can follow the ancient future into the distant future. That is why Newton's work is still the pinnacle of the exact sciences, a model of positive philosophy and the pride of humanity as far as power reaches. The creator of this work is considered the most beautiful example of human genius".

Swan - Edison

Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) is considered a world record for the number of registered patents, 1093. In addition to direct current, he is also credited with inventing the first electric light bulb. However, it is less known that the English physicist and chemist Joseph Swan (1824-1914) was a true pioneer of electric lighting and photography . He made the first electric light bulb almost a quarter of a century before Edison in 1860 . Twenty-three years later, in 1883, Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan founded the joint electric lighting company “Edison & Swan United” and began mass production of light bulbs.

It is known that Edison was extremely hardworking, he spent 14-16 hours a day in his factory. He demanded that from all his associates, primarily engineers. And as he acquired sufficient capital relatively early, he had the power to report the inventions of all his associates only as his own. Among others, he used the knowledge of Nikola Tesla, who soon left him as an employer. There is also Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922), the founder of AT&T. It is obvious that Bell's telephone was improved by the installation of Edison's carbon conductors, which are assumed to be Bell's own invention.

Pupin - Marconi - Roentgen - Tesla

When Pupin (1858-1935) praised Dobrovolski and Braun in one of his speeches for the practical application of Tesla's alternating currents, Tesla's reaction was that the two of them had stolen it (8). When Tesla announced in 1892 the possibility of sending high-frequency currents over unlimited distances and confirmed the possibility of sending telephone messages over a transatlantic cable, Pupin opposed it. Shortly afterwards, on February 10, 1894, Pupin filed his patent application for multi-line telephony. That application, however, was rejected on the grounds that the president of the patent office, John Saimour, contained it in Tesla's patent and advocated the duplication of Tesla's circuits, and there is no basis for granting a patent.

It is known that Tesla filed two patent claims in the field of radio on September 2, 1897 (nos. 645516 and 649621) and that they were granted in 1900. Tesla submitted a statement to the Association of Electrical Engineers, which was also attended by Guglielmo Marconi (1874 -1937). Marconi then filed a patent application (No. 763772) on November 10, 1900, which was rejected. After the retirement of President John Seymour, Marconi again applied for a radio patent, which was recognized. For the same, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1911. Finally, by the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States no. 6369 of June 21, 1943. Marconi's patent was annulled in favor of Tesla, who was given priority. Unfortunately for Tesla, the decision of the American court arrived too late, he passed away before that, on January 7, 1943. In his book, Mark Seifer (8) writes that Tesla was aware of the pirate activities of Marconi and Pupin. Tesla called Marconia a parasite and a microbe of a vicious disease, and he said about Pupin that he put Marconi at his service, taking the wrong side.

There is a record (8) according to Tesla's lawsuit with Druri Cooper that in 1897 he (Tesla) performed the first experiment of wirelessly sending a message from Houston to West Point (about 30 miles) in front of about 3000 guests of all professions, when he demonstrated the remote control.

There is information that Tesla experimented with special rays (X-rays) as early as 1892, which he also published in front of the Association of Electrical Engineers and presented pictures of his hand and wrist. Tesla did not attach due importance to the given invention, he lost the recordings in a drawer in the workshop and they were burned in the fire of his first laboratory. The German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923) patented the invention of X-rays on December 28, 1895, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.

Mileva Maric - Albert Einstein

Tim McCaskey writes that Albert Einstein (1879-1955), publishing his work in Annalen der Physik in 1905, mentioned the Italian Michele Besso, who brought him into contact with a certain industrialist Olinto de Pretto. And that Olinto de Preto published his work in Italy on June 16, 1903 and February 27, 1904 in the “Atti Reale Instituto Veneto di Scienze”, a year and a half before Einstein's, in which he published the formula E = mc², which is Albert Einstein brought world fame as the creator of the Theory of Relativity. Dr Umberto Bartocci, professor of mathematics at the University of Perugia in his book "Albert Einstein e Olinto de Pretto: La vera storia della formula pin 'famosa del mundo" (Albert Einstein and Olinto de Pretto: The true story of the most important formula in the world) quoted the work of Olinta de Pretto in its entirety, citing Olinta de Pretto’s claim that a kilogram of any matter has tremendous energy. Albert Einstein knew Italian and had access to the work of Olinte de Pretto, who himself commented on the question of the complete correctness of the mentioned formula .

There is literature that Mileva Maric received her PhD with Professor Friedrich Brown at the Swiss Polytechnic 1901-1905 (3; 11; 12). Further allegations indicate that the same dissertation disappeared (it can be believed that it was removed so as not to harm the "genius"). By the way, the Special Theory of Relativity in Science is also called Poincar-Einstein's, since Henry Poincaré (1854-1912), a French mathematician and physicist, is its co-author .

Based on the above, it is possible to assume the primacy in the setting of the Theory of Relativity and the known formula E = m c², between Mileva Maric - Einstein, Olinto de Pretto and Albert Einstein. One thing is for sure, Albert Einstein published all his joint works with Mileva Maric - Einstein only under his own name, which raised him to the pedestal of the world's immortality, as the most glorious mind of the twentieth century. He also won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for the Photoelectric Effect, which is no doubt mathematically defined by Mileva Maric. Mileva Maric remained in the scientific world without proper recognition, in the shadow of Albert, who is most often mentioned only as his first wife.

Lise Meitner - Otto Hahn

Lise Meitner (1878-1968), an Austrian-Swedish physicist, was the first in the world to experimentally achieve the fission of uranium atoms, with the release of enormous energy, according to the formula E = m c². Her longtime collaborator Otto Hahn (1879-1968), a German physicist and chemist, deliberately misinformed the Nobel Committee by not giving Lisa credit for the way he won the Nobel Prize in 1944 and his collaborator Fritz Strassmann .

Only in the latest biography of Lisa Meitner, author of Ruth Levin Sime 1996 (15), is the real contribution of Lisa Meitner explained, and the element of atomic number 109 of the Periodic Table of the Elements is named in her part Meitnerium.

Based on Lisa Meitner's discovery, the first atomic bomb was made, although Lisa hoped that it would be used exclusively for peacetime purposes. For Lisa Meitner, Albert Einstein said that she was a German Marie Curie.

Rosalind Franklin - James Watson

Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958) was the first to determine the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in 1952, which explained the transfer of hereditary traits to chromosomes and gave a key explanation of the origin of life on earth.

            James Dewey Watson (b. 1928) and Francis Harry Compton Crick (1916-2004) secretly removed information from Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins (1916-2004) and the Nobel Committee, earning the 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine for themselves ( 17).

Rosalind Franklin did not receive due recognition for her life, even after her untimely death. In her research work, she was the first to apply the crystallographic method of determining the structure of molecules using X-rays and thus defined the structure of the double helix of DNA (3; 17). When she presented her unpublished research results to James Watson and Maurice Wilkins, they kept them and, without her knowledge, published them as their own in 1953 (17). Watson and Wilkins are presented to the world as the authors of the double helix of DNA, omitting any recognition of the true author Rosalind Franklin.

Here-in, all the previous allegations confirm the allegations in the pretext that the greatest human discoveries were mostly illegally appropriated (stolen) and for the same received the greatest scientific recognitions, even Nobel Prizes. In today’s world simple people are punished for banal stilling, even food, while world recognized scientists are pronounced as the world scientifically greatest.

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