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 | Simo Jelača | |
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detail from: KRK Art dizajn
SOLAR CALENDAR
Dr sci. SIMO JELAČA
History
Even the ancient Egyptians were known to be the brightest star Sirius appears in the sky and disappears. So it was from the beginning and will be to the demise of the planet Earth. With the advent of the Sirius River Nile was flooding, and with its disappearance, the river was retreating and leaving fertile silt, which the Egyptians brought fruitful harvests. Counting the days from one occurrence of Sirius to another they found 365 days and they declared that period the year. So the year by the Egyptians lasted 365 days. During 1460 years, Egyptians noticed that they were too late for a full year of 365 days and this period was called the Sotis period. The Egyptians then began to count the days from one to the next appearance of Sirius and the first year they counted 365 days. When counted in the second year again they counted 365 days, and for the third year too. But in the fourth year they counted 366 days. Therefore they concluded that the time between the two brightness of Sirius, year, takes 365 ¼ days.
Only 238-year, BC, Egyptians have dared to reform their former calendar, adopting every fourth-year as a leap year, for a period of 366 days. The leap day they were declared as a saint of Charitable gods. Adoption of the calendar with leap year on March 7th 238-year (BC), the science is called ''Canopus edict'', by the place named Canopus next to Alexandria, where the given calendar is approved. According to the addict the Egyptians began to count the years 17 centuries before Christ's birth.
There are historical records that the Mesopotamians began keeping their calendar back to 3200 years BC, which means as many as 15 centuries before the Egyptians, however, no data about the same as above for the Egyptians. For the Chinese, the legend says that their ruler Huangdi invented their calendar in the year 2637 BC and that the same was based on astronomical measurements of solar orbit and moon phases. According to the ordinary Chinese calendar, a year lasts 12 months, and a leap year lasts 13 months. Ordinary years are long 353, 354 or 355 days, and a leap year has 383, 384 or 385 days. Leap year is one that has 13 of a new moon, including the sighting of the month between the 11th month of the year before the winter solstice and the 11th month next year. This method of calculating an error was made in the Chinese calendar for the future, according to which the leap year should be 2033 years, to leap their 13-month after the 7th month, instead of after the 11th. Also appearing unclear in 2262 and ambiguity-year 3358? Greeks officially began counting years from the year 776 BC (From the first Olympic games), and the Romans from 753-year BC (Since the founding of Rome).
Darko Scekic, in his book ''Sorabi - the truth about Serbs from the beginning” states that the Serbs officially began to count years from the year-5508 BC, that is, before all other nations. This can be taken as true, based on very extensive data of Dr. Olga Lukovic - Pjanovic in her books ''Serb people, the oldest”, which the author cites in his work of “Eight millennium of Serbs origin”. According to this calendar Serbian Tsar Dusan proclaimed his Code on the feast of the Ascension 21 May 6857, the Prince Lazar was killed in the battle of Kosovo in 6893, and a year 2011 is by that Serbian calendar year 7519, corresponds to the year 2011 of Gregorian calendar. Accordingly, this year 2025 is 7533.
There is also the Islamic calendar, which is based on the lunar years, a period of 12 months at 29.53 days, which is equivalent to 354.36 days. The Islamic calendar, the year is shorter by about 11 days of the year in the Christian calendar. It was introduced 632 years AD, by the prophet Muhammad, who 10 years earlier had fled from Mecca to Medina, which resulted in the Islamic calendar year record of 622-year (data lead of 18 April or 18 May 622, according to Julian calendar). Computing the first 20,874 years on May 1st, the dates of the Islamic calendar will coincide with the Gregorian calendar.
According to the Egyptian calendar, it is observed that between two consecutive appearances of Sirius the moon appears 13 times, with 12 time segments (phases of the moon, each lasting for 7 days). So the line that year has 12 months and each month has 4 weeks. At that time the Babylonians were familiar with the five planets of the solar system (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn) and with the Sun and Moon regarded them as gods, so that each celestial body dedicated to name the day of the week (Monday dedicated to the Moon, Tuesday to Mars, Wednesday to Mercury, Thursday to Jupiter, Friday to Venus, Saturday to Saturn and Sunday to the Sun).
In 46 BC visiting Julius Caesar in Rome, visited the Egyptian queen Cleopatra of the “Nile Aphrodite”, “Venus brought to life”, “New beautiful Jelena” and how else they all called her due to her exquisite beauty. In the company of Cleopatra there were scientists, including Sosigenes, who, on the request of Julius Caesar, made a calendar by following the example of Egypt, the duration of 365 ¼ days, which is divided into 12 months. It also stipulates that the New Year begins on January 1st instead of March 25th (according to the current calendar from the creation of Rome). The Julian calendar was introduced in a leap year, as in the Egyptian calendar of the 238-year old era, with a duration of 366 days. The Julian calendar could be called the Cleopatra’s, and there are cases for the same in our nation somewhere called the Orthodox, because of its use in churches, which has no basis because Orthodox Christianity at that time had not yet emerged.
Solar Calendar
Precise astronomical measurements showed that the length of the light year lasts 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds. Dr. Stephan Gould, Harvard University, even instead of 46 seconds said a figure of 45.96768 seconds, which is irrelevant for this purpose. Thus, the length of light years is 365.2422 days, or shorter than the year in the Julian calendar in 11 minutes and 14 seconds (or 674 seconds) and Julian year get away for a full day for every 128.18991 years (or 128 years, 69 days, 7 hours , 36 minutes and 42 seconds). Conditionally, the solar year may be called the ''God’s year”, since it is a natural year.
Solar years are fleeing from the Julian year of time, of the Julian calendar, that is the 46-year BC, and the difference in the 16th century was over 10 days. Therefore, the proposed reform of the Julius calendar by Aloysius Julian, which was accepted by the then Pope Gregory XIII commissioned Jesuit mathematician Christopher Clavius to recommend a new calendar, which is more suitable to astronomical facts. The new calendar came into effect on Thursday, 4 October 1582, and the next day was Friday 15 October. Thus, practically 10 days (these days do not exist) in which there are no historical events. This is called the Gregorian calendar and is accepted worldwide. At the time of acceptance of the Gregorian calendar for ecclesiastical use the Julian difference was for 13 days, and in the church calendar, we have a case that Julian calendar dates are late behind the Gregorian by 13 days. A calendar that delays the real sun year is one day for every 128.18991 years to be compensated with the same centuries-old leap years. By the Gregorian calendar, leap years are any whose number is divisible by 4, without rest, and centuries in which the first two digits are divisible by four without remainder (for example: 1600, 2000, 2400, 2800 etc. and are known as the Secular years), while centuries in which the first two digits are not divisible by 4 without rest are not leap years (eg: 1700, 1800, 2100, 2200 etc.). According to the Gregorian calendar in 400 years there are three centuries of leap years less than the Julian calendar, therefore it is more accurate and has a value for the next 3300 years.
Because of the time difference of 13 days per church calendars there have been many religious differences in the Christian world, primarily in terms of calculating the ''moving holidays”, which includes Easter, as such. In the Orthodox world, as decided by the First Ecumenical Council of Nicea 325 AD, Easter falls on the first Sunday after the spring with equinox and after the full moon, and that it does not coincide with the Jews' Passover. Thus the earliest possible date for Easter is 22 March and no later than 15 May. (Decisions of Vaseljenski Council of Nicea are contained in the work of Drago I. Dragovic "Reform of the Calendar").
The Gregorian calendar was adopted in England, Wales, Ireland and the Commonwealth 1752, China was accepted in 1912, in Yugoslavia in 1919 and in Greece in 1923, and then in Bulgaria and Romania. The Orthodox world has been unable to accept the Gregorian calendar before due to the Turkish occupation. In Greece, the adoption of the Gregorian calendar led to the so-called separation of “Old Calendarists”, who called themselves the true Christians, which is why even today the Orthodox Church (Serbian, Russian, Jerusalem and others) follow the Julian calendar, fearing the strife similar to that of Greece.
In 1923 Constantinople held Pan-Orthodox Congress, where the project was approved by the astronomical calendar by our professor Dr. Milutin Milankovic (1879-1958), who was just appointed by the Serbian Orthodox Church as its professional representatives regarding the calendar in this Congress. According to Milankovic calculation duration, the solar year is 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 48 seconds, or 365.24222 days, which is two seconds longer than the so-called ''tropical” year. Milanković has also established the rule that leap years are all years in which the digit is divisible by four without remainder, except for centuries of secular years. By Milankovic secular, or centuries years, being a leap year only when the number of their centuries is divisible by 9 and a remainder of 2 or 6 (which are: 2000, 2400, 2900, 3300, 3800 etc.). Accordingly, the first subsequent disagreement between Milanković’s and the Gregorian calendar year will appear in 2800, which is the Gregorian leap year, and according to Milankovic is not. According to the Milankovic intercalation account the delay of the calendar year beside the solar year for one day will occur at 43,200 years. Therefore Milankovic's calendar is the most accurate so far made in the world. Unfortunately, the Orthodox churches are not implemented in the life decision of Vaseljenski Council of Nicea, they are not left out 13 days in their calendar, it should be done in October 1923. According to the decision, after Sunday of September 30 was to be Monday 14 of October, and all the saints who have fallen in those days were supposed to be celebrated on the fourteenth of October.
It is interesting that the Islamic astronomer and mathematician Umar Ibn Ibrahim Al-Khayyami (1048-1131), known by the name Omar Khayyami, yet 1079 worked at the Isfaham Observatory (300 km south of Tehran) counted length of the solar year precisely 365.24219858156 days, it's absolutely true, in comparison of that time astronomical measurements he has proposed a solar calendar with 8 leap years during a period of 33 years, what is also true, even more accurately than the Gregorian calendar. His proposals Omar was then sent to then Shack in Tehran but, unfortunately, also remained outside the scientific national rate of that time.
Religious questions
Once again at the time of Pope John I, who in his time asked the priest Dionysius Egzikus that he write a chronology of major events in human history, based on the world by the arrival of Jesus Christ. Dionysius has done that according to the calendar since the beginning of Rome (753 BC). According to this calendar, Jesus Christ was born on 25 December 753, and to adopt that new era begins with the first January of the year, which corresponds to January first 754 years after the founding of Rome, this means that Jesus Christ on the first of January of the first year ( New era AD) was a child of 7 days. If we know, and we know that Jesus Christ was crucified at the time of execution when he was about 33 ½ years old, it means that he was executed in the spring of 34-year AD. Secular books say that Jesus Christ is resurrected three days after the executions, and the forward was discussed when the Christian world celebrates the day of Easter, as a movable holiday.
There are numerous literature states that confirm that the acceptance of different calendars led to serious disagreements in the Christian world. Wouldn't it be logical that all religions accept the same calendar, which is otherwise in compliance with scientific truths, which would come to inter-religious reconciliation? The Julian calendar is still used only by Serbian, Russian, Jerusalem, Greek, Romanian, Bulgarian and Egyptian Orthodox Church. At the front it is shown that the Julian calendar is outdated and inaccurate. By accepting the same calendar, the Orthodox and the Catholic Church would celebrate the same saints on the same day, and it would certainly go in favor of better understanding among people. So if we are able to find a common backbone with the Islamic world, it would have led to the creation of heaven on earth, would not we be all happier?
Forward mentioned difference in the duration of the Julian calendar, which is delayed 11 minutes and 14 seconds for the Gregorian calendar, 1582 was found a difference of 10 days, but calculated from the 46-year old era, the difference was at that time had already reached 12.7 years and during the year 1621 marked the full 13 days. According to this calculation as early as 2006 the difference would amount to 16 days, while the Orthodox Church at all times reserves a difference of 13 days. However, if the account is done by 1582, with the adopted difference of 10 days in mid-1967 and charge the difference of 13 days, now until the year 2095 we are in the 14-th day difference. Ever since 2095 the world will enter into a difference of 15 calendar days, etc.., Then Julian calendar dates need to be changed. Orthodox Christmas is celebrated on the 7th January, based on the difference of 13 calendar days, and with the forward positions already it should be moved in the 8-January and that is still moving. In the following tabular view it will be outlined what these changes all would lead to, even to the absurd differences. Prior to that, just another piece of information. If the calculated calendar difference was of 46-year old era, for which there are grounds, then the difference in the time of the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 was 11 days, so it follows that the same occurred on 17 and not 15 June, as history has treated. According to everything mentioned above, it is necessary to determine the initial calendar year of calculation of differences and move on to a single calendar in the world. For your convenience, we adopt for further display starting in 1582 and then record the difference of 10 days, which is now in the Julian calendar, listed as 13 days. According to the calculation of internal differences it is already14 days, and Orthodox Christmas is still celebrated on January 7th. If the Orthodox Church would not accept the Gregorian calendar it would then have the remote and distant future, have the following situation (see the Table).
Table: Showing the late Julian calendar year beside the solar year.
Year 1582 Difference 10 Days; Christmas on
“ 1967 “ 13 “ 7 Jan.
“ 2095 “ 14 “ 8 Jan. “ 2222 “ 15 “ 9 Jan. “ 2351 “ 16 “ 10 Jan. To continue calculation “ 5043 “ 37 “ 1 Feb. “ 8632 “ 65 “ 1 Mar. “ 12606 “ 96 “ 1 Apr. “ 16452 “ 126 “ 1 May And further on “ 43884 “ 340 “ 1 Dec. Finally, again: “ 48627 “ 377 “ 7 Jan.
The calculation gives the correct values of the calendar year besides the solar year of exactly (365.2422 days) to 46820.365 years (or 46,820 years, 133 days 5 hours and 24 minutes). Displacement of Christmas, according to the presented calculation, would lead to absurdity, which would theoretically come to that to celebrate Christmas and Easter on the same day?
This is biological nonsense. Forward explanation given shows that Easter can’t be before 21st March and after 15th May. Therefore, it is essential that all Orthodox churches accept the calendar change and the holidays align with it, and the author of this paper believes that noting spectacular will happen, for which he was otherwise feared church dignitaries, it can lead to discord the similar to the one in Greece in the acceptance of the Gregorian calendar. Author of this work also thinks that all movable celebrations , as well the funeral (Easter) of Jessus Christ, can be precisely calculated, independently of Juish Pasha.
From the above shown that it is pointless to continue to retain the Julian calendar, which only leads to further differences, and that indeed is the time of acceptance by Milankovic calendar, who was otherwise authorized by the Serbian Orthodox Church, it is indisputable.
In terms of calendar even Serbian Orthodox Patriarch Pavle said :''To demand to keep it so (the difference of 13 days), regardless of what is divine and immutable, that is, dogmatic, and what human and changeable (calendar), it would be really short-sighted''. It is visible that the Julian calendar backward too much behind the solar and its clock hands need to be moved forward.
Toronto 2011
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